1. Topography and Climate:
- Kenya's diverse topography (e.g., highlands, lowlands, coastal regions) influences crop suitability and farming practices.
- Climate conditions (e.g., rainfall, temperature) vary across regions, affecting crop yields and livestock management.
2. Land Tenure and Allocation:
- Landownership patterns (e.g., communal, private, cooperative) impact access to resources and influence farming systems.
- Land scarcity and subdivision can limit farm size and adoption of modern technologies.
3. Soil Fertility and Degradation:
- Soil conditions, including fertility, drainage, and erosion susceptibility, determine crop productivity and farming practices.
- Soil degradation due to erosion, nutrient depletion, and deforestation affects agricultural sustainability.
4. Water Availability and Irrigation:
- Access to water sources (e.g., rivers, aquifers) is critical for crop and livestock production.
- Irrigation systems, such as dams, canals, and boreholes, enhance water availability and increase yields.
5. Crop Selection and Diversification:
- Local traditions, market demand, and climatic conditions influence crop selection and diversification strategies.
- Small-scale farmers often practice intercropping and crop rotation to manage risks and improve soil fertility.
6. Livestock Production Systems:
- Livestock production (e.g., cattle, goats, sheep) is an integral part of many farming systems.
- Factors such as breed selection, grazing management, and disease control influence livestock productivity.
7. Access to Technology and Inputs:
- Adoption of improved crop varieties, fertilizers, and mechanization can enhance agricultural productivity.
- Small-scale farmers may face challenges accessing and financing these inputs due to limited resources.
8. Infrastructure and Transportation:
- Lack of adequate infrastructure, such as roads and market access, can hinder the transportation of agricultural inputs and products, affecting farm profitability.
9. Market Demand and Price Fluctuations:
- Market demand for specific crops or livestock products influences farming decisions and price fluctuations.
- Fluctuating prices can impact farm incomes and investment strategies.
10. Government Policies and Regulations:
- Government policies on land use, crop diversification, and subsidies can influence farming practices and agricultural sustainability.
- Regulatory frameworks for environmental protection and food safety also impact farm management.