The Pathetic Fallacies in Virginia Woolf's -Mrs. Dalloway-
In Virginia Woolf's modernist masterpiece, -Mrs. Dalloway,- the pervasive use of pathetic fallacies endows the natural world with human emotions and characteristics, reflecting the inner turmoil and complexities of the characters. These pathetic elements serve as a literary device to explore the psychological states of the characters and enhance the novel's exploration of themes such as time, identity, and the human condition.
The Personification of Time
One of the most striking uses of pathetic fallacy in -Mrs. Dalloway- is the personification of time. Woolf depicts time as a flowing river, an unstoppable force that carries individuals along its currents. The novel's opening sentence, "Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself," subtly establishes time as an active participant in the protagonist's life.
Throughout the novel, references to time are laden with human qualities. The hands of the clock ticking "perpetually" suggest the relentless march of time, while Big Ben's chimes are described as "pealing out over the houses and the gardens" with "a ruthless punctuality," reflecting the imposition of time on human lives. Time is thus depicted as an external force that shapes and constrains individual experiences.
The Anthropomorphism of Nature
Woolf also employs pathetic fallacies to anthropomorphize nature, imbuing the natural world with human emotions and motivations. For example, when Clarissa Dalloway walks through St. James's Park, the trees seem to "crane their necks" at her, as if they are observing her with curiosity or envy. Similarly, the breeze that carries the smell of burnt leaves is described as "spitefully" blowing against her.
These anthropomorphic elements serve to blur the boundaries between the human and non-human worlds, suggesting that nature is not merely a passive backdrop but an active participant in human affairs. The natural world mirrors the emotional states of the characters, reflecting their anxieties, desires, and inner conflicts.
The Subjectivity of Perception
The use of pathetic fallacies in -Mrs. Dalloway- also highlights the subjective nature of perception. Woolf shows that the characters' experiences of the world are shaped by their own emotions and psychological states. For example, when Clarissa Dalloway is feeling anxious about the upcoming party, she perceives the world as chaotic and threatening. The trees in the park are "insistent," and the sparrows' chirping sounds like "a battle."
In contrast, when Septimus Warren Smith is experiencing a mental breakdown, he sees the world as a hostile and threatening place. The trees are "blackened," and the flowers are "fading." The pathetic fallacies in the novel reflect the characters' inner turmoil and reveal the ways in which their subjective perceptions shape their experiences of reality.
The Limitations of Human Control
Furthermore, the use of pathetic fallacies in -Mrs. Dalloway- exposes the limitations of human control. The characters are often at the mercy of forces beyond their understanding and control, such as the passage of time, the vagaries of nature, and the complexities of human relationships.
Time relentlessly moves forward, regardless of the characters' desires or attempts to control it. The natural world, with its unpredictable storms and changing seasons, reminds the characters of their vulnerability and the limits of their influence. Similarly, the complexities of human interactions and emotions often lead to unexpected and uncontrollable outcomes.
Conclusion
The pathetic fallacies in Virginia Woolf's -Mrs. Dalloway- serve as a powerful literary device to explore the psychological states of the characters, enhance the novel's themes, and highlight the subjective nature of perception and the limitations of human control. By imbuing the natural world with human emotions and characteristics, Woolf creates a vivid and immersive narrative that reflects the inner turmoil, anxieties, and desires of her characters.
The pathetic elements in -Mrs. Dalloway- contribute to the novel's enduring power and relevance, as they delve into the complexities of the human condition and the ways in which we experience and interact with our surroundings. Woolf's use of this literary device invites readers to consider the interplay between the external world and our own subjective perceptions, ultimately deepening our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.