Explain the four laws governing ICT in Kenya.

1. The Kenya Information and Communications Act (KICA) - This law regulates the information and communications technology (ICT) sector in Kenya. It covers areas such as licensing, regulation, and promotion of ICT services and infrastructure.

2. The Data Protection Act - This law governs the collection, processing, storage, and sharing of personal data in Kenya. It aims to protect the privacy and security of individuals' personal information and ensure that data controllers and processors comply with certain standards and procedures.

3. The Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act - This law criminalizes various cybercrimes, such as hacking, phishing, identity theft, and cyberbullying. It also provides for the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes, as well as the protection of critical information infrastructure.

4. The Access to Information Act - This law guarantees the right of access to information held by public and private bodies in Kenya. It promotes transparency and accountability in government and allows individuals to request and receive information that is of public interest.

Four Laws Governing ICT in Kenya

1. The Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act, 2019

- Amends the Kenya Information and Communications Act, 1998.
- Establishes the Communications Authority of Kenya (CAK) as the regulator for the ICT sector.
- Provides for consumer protection, cybersecurity, and data protection.
- Introduces new offenses and penalties related to ICT.

2. The Data Protection Act, 2019

- Protects the fundamental rights of individuals to privacy and data protection.
- Regulates the collection, storage, processing, and sharing of personal data.
- Establishes the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner.
- Sets out the principles and procedures for handling personal data.

3. The Electronic Transactions Act, 2011

- Legalizes electronic signatures and documents.
- Provides a framework for electronic transactions and e-commerce.
- Promotes the use of electronic systems in government and business.
- Regulates the issue and use of digital certificates.

4. The Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act, 2018

- Combats computer-related crimes and cybercrimes.
- Criminalizes unauthorized access to computer systems, data theft, and cyberbullying.
- Provides for investigations, prosecution, and penalties for cybercrimes.
- Establishes the Kenya National Cybersecurity Centre (KNCSC).

A 45-year –old male patient brought a request paper for the measurement of serum calcium ion level. The phlebotomist tied the tourniquet on the arm of the patient for about 5 minutes to collect the blood sample. How could tourniquet affect the serum calcium level?
Increases both total and free calcium ion level
Increases only total calcium ion level
Increases only free calcium ion level
No effect on calcium measurement
A laboratory technologist working at clinical chemistry received blood specimen of an 18 –year old male patient for biochemical analysis. Those bio-molecules had a maximum absorbance in UV light region. What light source should preferably be used for above scenario?
Tungsten lamp
Incandescent lamp
Tungsten –iodide lamp
Deuterium discharge lamp
::Q3:: Select wrong statement  about conjugated bilirubin
It is direct bilirubin
It is indirect bilirubin
It is soluble in plasma water
It is coupled with glucoronic acid
::Q4:: A 52-year-old man had a myocardial infarction 8 hour ago and clinical chemist measured the following enzyme activities. Which of the following pairs of plasma enzyme activity measurements is most likely to be abnormal early?
Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase
Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase
:: Q5:: A 42-year-old obese female presented to the emergency center with complaints of worsening nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Her pain was located in the mid epigastric area and right upper quadrant. Blood biochemistry revealed high serum amylase level. What is the probable diagnosis for this patient?
Viral hepatitis
Acute pancreatitis
Renal disease
Acute gastritis


::Q6:: Which one of the following enzyme used for forensic purpose to diagnosis raped victims
Alkaline Phosphatase
Acid phosphates
lanine aminotransferase
Aspartate amino transferase
::Q7:: A patient presents with jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea came to Nigist Ellen Mohamed memorial comprehensive hospital and clinical laboratory results showed that increase in serum conjugated bilirubin, presence of urinary bilirubin but absence of urine urobilinogen. What is the most likely cause of the jaundice?
Decreased hepatic conjugation
Decreased hepatic uptake
Decreased secretion of bile into the intestine
Increased hemolysis
::Q8:: A laboratory technologist received a request paper for renal clearance test for 35 –year old male patient who was suffering from muscle –wasting disease .The laboratory was equipped to undertake all available clearance tests. Which one is not appropriate test for this patient?
Inulin clearance test
Beta2 macroglobulin
Cystatin C clearance
Creatinine clearance test
::Q9::  A 25-year-old woman complains of painful urination and is suspected of having a urinary tract infection. Which of the following specimens should be collected for a routine urinalysis and urine culture?
First morning specimen
Timed collection
Midstream “clean catch” specimen
Random specimen
::Q10:: If the ratio of (ALT÷ULNALT)‌(ALP÷ULNALP) is greater than five , the interpretation of this result most probable indicate ?
Hepatocellular pattern
Mixed pattern
Cholestatic pattern
No valid interpretation based on this result