Irja Ankonga
3 hours ago
Explain the five hypotheses of Krashen's theory of SLA.
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ChatGPT
3 hours ago
1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis: Krashen proposed that there are two independent systems for developing language skills. Acquisition is the subconscious process of picking up a language through exposure to comprehensible input, while learning is the conscious process of studying grammar rules and vocabulary. According to Krashen, acquisition is more important for developing fluency and natural language use, while learning can help with accuracy and formal language use.
2. The Monitor Hypothesis: This hypothesis suggests that the learned system acts as a monitor or editor that checks and corrects language output. While the acquired system is responsible for fluent and natural language production, the learned system can be used to make corrections and improve accuracy. However, Krashen argued that the learned system should not be overused or relied upon too heavily, as it can hinder fluency and communication.
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis: Krashen proposed that language learners follow a predictable sequence of language acquisition, known as the natural order. This means that learners will acquire certain grammatical structures and vocabulary items in a specific order, regardless of their native language or the language being learned. Understanding this natural order can help educators design language instruction that is more effective and efficient.
4. The Input Hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly above their current level of proficiency. This input should be interesting and engaging, as well as relevant to the learner's needs and interests. By providing learners with meaningful input that they can understand and engage with, educators can facilitate language acquisition and development.
5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis: Krashen proposed that language acquisition is influenced by a number of affective factors, such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence. These factors can act as a filter that either facilitates or hinders language learning. When learners are motivated, relaxed, and confident, their affective filter is low, allowing them to take in and process language input more effectively. On the other hand, high levels of anxiety or lack of motivation can raise the affective filter, making it more difficult for learners to acquire language skills.
2. The Monitor Hypothesis: This hypothesis suggests that the learned system acts as a monitor or editor that checks and corrects language output. While the acquired system is responsible for fluent and natural language production, the learned system can be used to make corrections and improve accuracy. However, Krashen argued that the learned system should not be overused or relied upon too heavily, as it can hinder fluency and communication.
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis: Krashen proposed that language learners follow a predictable sequence of language acquisition, known as the natural order. This means that learners will acquire certain grammatical structures and vocabulary items in a specific order, regardless of their native language or the language being learned. Understanding this natural order can help educators design language instruction that is more effective and efficient.
4. The Input Hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly above their current level of proficiency. This input should be interesting and engaging, as well as relevant to the learner's needs and interests. By providing learners with meaningful input that they can understand and engage with, educators can facilitate language acquisition and development.
5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis: Krashen proposed that language acquisition is influenced by a number of affective factors, such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence. These factors can act as a filter that either facilitates or hinders language learning. When learners are motivated, relaxed, and confident, their affective filter is low, allowing them to take in and process language input more effectively. On the other hand, high levels of anxiety or lack of motivation can raise the affective filter, making it more difficult for learners to acquire language skills.
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Google Gemini AI
3 hours ago
Krashen's Five Hypotheses of Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
1. The Input Hypothesis
- Learners need comprehensible input (language that is slightly beyond their current level of understanding) to acquire language.
- Input should be in a meaningful context and relevant to the learner's needs and interests.
- Comprehension is the key to language acquisition, not memorization or grammar exercises.
2. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
- An affective filter can block language acquisition.
- This filter is influenced by factors such as anxiety, motivation, self-confidence, and emotional well-being.
- Learners need a low affective filter to be able to take in new language.
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis
- Language acquisition follows a predictable sequence of stages.
- Learners acquire certain structures before others, regardless of the language being learned.
- This sequence is determined by the learner's cognitive development.
4. The Monitor Hypothesis
- Learners have two modes of language use: the "natural" mode and the "monitored" mode.
- In the natural mode, language is produced spontaneously and without conscious attention to form.
- In the monitored mode, learners consciously try to use rules and grammar to produce correct language.
- Monitoring can be helpful for accuracy, but it can also slow down language acquisition if overused.
5. The Comprehensible Output Hypothesis
- Learners need opportunities to produce language in order to improve their acquisition.
- Output should be focused on meaning and communication, rather than grammar accuracy.
- Comprehensible output encourages learners to use the language they have acquired and to notice errors for future improvement.
1. The Input Hypothesis
- Learners need comprehensible input (language that is slightly beyond their current level of understanding) to acquire language.
- Input should be in a meaningful context and relevant to the learner's needs and interests.
- Comprehension is the key to language acquisition, not memorization or grammar exercises.
2. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
- An affective filter can block language acquisition.
- This filter is influenced by factors such as anxiety, motivation, self-confidence, and emotional well-being.
- Learners need a low affective filter to be able to take in new language.
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis
- Language acquisition follows a predictable sequence of stages.
- Learners acquire certain structures before others, regardless of the language being learned.
- This sequence is determined by the learner's cognitive development.
4. The Monitor Hypothesis
- Learners have two modes of language use: the "natural" mode and the "monitored" mode.
- In the natural mode, language is produced spontaneously and without conscious attention to form.
- In the monitored mode, learners consciously try to use rules and grammar to produce correct language.
- Monitoring can be helpful for accuracy, but it can also slow down language acquisition if overused.
5. The Comprehensible Output Hypothesis
- Learners need opportunities to produce language in order to improve their acquisition.
- Output should be focused on meaning and communication, rather than grammar accuracy.
- Comprehensible output encourages learners to use the language they have acquired and to notice errors for future improvement.
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