Explain the criteria used for classifying different types of foreign direct investment.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can be classified into different types based on various criteria. Some of the common criteria used for classifying different types of FDI include:

1. Horizontal FDI: In horizontal FDI, a company invests in the same industry in a foreign country as it operates in its home country. This type of FDI is aimed at expanding the company's market presence and increasing its production capacity.

2. Vertical FDI: Vertical FDI involves investing in different stages of the production process in a foreign country. This can be further classified into two types:
- Backward vertical FDI: In this type, a company invests in activities related to the production process that are located upstream, such as sourcing raw materials or components.
- Forward vertical FDI: In this type, a company invests in activities related to the production process that are located downstream, such as distribution and marketing.

3. Conglomerate FDI: Conglomerate FDI involves investing in unrelated industries in a foreign country. This type of FDI is aimed at diversifying the company's business portfolio and reducing risks associated with operating in a single industry.

4. Greenfield FDI: Greenfield FDI refers to establishing a new production facility or business operation in a foreign country. This type of FDI involves building new infrastructure and creating new jobs in the host country.

5. Brownfield FDI: Brownfield FDI involves acquiring an existing business or production facility in a foreign country. This type of FDI allows companies to quickly enter a new market and benefit from existing infrastructure and resources.

6. Inward FDI: Inward FDI refers to foreign investment made by companies in a host country. This type of FDI is aimed at expanding the company's operations and market presence in the host country.

7. Outward FDI: Outward FDI refers to domestic companies investing in foreign countries. This type of FDI is aimed at expanding the company's global reach and accessing new markets and resources.

These are some of the common criteria used for classifying different types of foreign direct investment. Companies may choose to invest in foreign countries based on their strategic objectives, market opportunities, and resources available.

Criteria for Classifying Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

1. Level of Ownership and Control

- Majority-owned FDI: Foreign investor holds more than 50% ownership and control of the target company.
- Minority-owned FDI: Foreign investor holds less than 50% ownership and control.
- Greenfield investment: Foreign investor establishes a new company in the host country.
- Mergers and acquisitions (M&A): Foreign investor acquires an existing company in the host country.

2. Source of Capital

- Foreign Direct Equity Investment (FDEI): Involves the transfer of ownership or control of a company through the purchase of equity shares.
- Foreign Direct Debt Investment (FDDi): Involves the transfer of funds through loans or bonds issued by the host country company.

3. Industry Sector

- Primary sector: Investments in natural resources extraction (e.g., mining, agriculture).
- Secondary sector: Investments in manufacturing and construction.
- Tertiary sector: Investments in services (e.g., finance, telecommunications, tourism).

4. Motivation

- Market-seeking FDI: Foreign investor seeks access to new markets for their products or services.
- Resource-seeking FDI: Foreign investor seeks access to natural resources or raw materials.
- Efficiency-seeking FDI: Foreign investor seeks to reduce costs or improve efficiency by investing in the host country.
- Strategic asset-seeking FDI: Foreign investor seeks to acquire valuable assets, such as technology or brands.

5. Duration

- Short-term FDI: Investments that are intended to be liquidated within a short period of time (typically less than one year).
- Medium-term FDI: Investments that are intended to be liquidated within a medium period of time (typically between one and five years).
- Long-term FDI: Investments that are intended to be maintained for an extended period of time (typically more than five years).

6. Mode of Entry

- Wholly-owned subsidiary: Foreign investor establishes a new company that is fully owned by the parent company.
- Joint venture: Foreign investor invests in a company that is jointly owned with one or more local partners.
- Representative office: Foreign investor establishes an office in the host country to represent its interests and conduct business.
- Branch office: Foreign investor establishes a branch of its parent company in the host country.