Explain management school of thoughts according to Coleman & Anderson (2000).

Coleman & Anderson (2000) identified four main management schools of thought:

1. The classical school: This school of thought emphasizes the importance of rationality, efficiency, and productivity in management. It includes the scientific management approach developed by Frederick Taylor, which focuses on optimizing work processes and maximizing employee productivity. The classical school also includes the administrative management approach developed by Henri Fayol, which emphasizes the importance of organizational structure, coordination, and planning.

2. The human relations school: This school of thought focuses on the importance of understanding and managing the social and psychological aspects of work. It emphasizes the importance of employee motivation, satisfaction, and morale in achieving organizational goals. The human relations school was influenced by the Hawthorne studies conducted by Elton Mayo, which highlighted the impact of social factors on employee behavior and performance.

3. The systems school: This school of thought views organizations as complex systems of interrelated parts that work together to achieve common goals. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions and relationships between different parts of the organization in order to effectively manage and improve organizational performance. The systems school also highlights the importance of feedback and adaptation in responding to changes in the external environment.

4. The contingency school: This school of thought emphasizes the importance of adapting management practices to fit the specific circumstances and context of each organization. It recognizes that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to management and that different situations may require different management strategies. The contingency school highlights the importance of flexibility, creativity, and adaptability in responding to the unique challenges and opportunities faced by organizations.

Coleman & Anderson's (2000) Management School of Thoughts

According to Coleman & Anderson (2000), there are six main schools of thought in management:

1. Classical Approach

- Focus: Scientific management, efficiency, hierarchy, and control.
- Key Figures: Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber
- Principles: Division of labor, specialization, standardized processes, centralized authority

2. Human Relations Approach

- Focus: Employee motivation, human needs, and group dynamics.
- Key Figures: Elton Mayo, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor
- Principles: Attention to employee well-being, recognition of social and psychological factors

3. Contingency Theory

- Focus: Adapting management styles to different situations.
- Key Figures: Joan Woodward, Lawrence & Lorsch, Fred Fiedler
- Principles: No one best way to manage, effectiveness depends on factors such as environment, technology, and size

4. Systems Theory

- Focus: Organizations as interconnected systems that interact with their environment.
- Key Figures: Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Daniel Katz
- Principles: Input-output relationships, feedback loops, interdependence

5. Open Systems Theory

- Focus: Organizations as dynamic, open systems that constantly interact with and adapt to their surroundings.
- Key Figures: Eric Trist, Fred Emery
- Principles: Complexity, emergence, adaptation, boundary management

6. Resource-Based View (RBV)

- Focus: Organizations as collections of unique resources that provide competitive advantages.
- Key Figures: Jay Barney, Michael Porter
- Principles: Value, rarity, inimitability, organization