Explain Covalent bonding....and how it's calculated..if you.dont mind show the examples?

Covalent bonding is a type of chemical bonding where atoms share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms, holding them together in a molecule.

The strength of a covalent bond can be calculated using the concept of bond energy, which is the energy required to break a bond between two atoms. The bond energy is typically measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) and can be determined experimentally.

For example, the bond energy of a carbon-carbon single bond (C-C) is approximately 348 kJ/mol, while the bond energy of a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O) is approximately 745 kJ/mol.

In a covalent bond, the sharing of electrons can be represented using Lewis dot structures. For example, in a molecule of water (H2O), the oxygen atom shares two electrons with each hydrogen atom to form two covalent bonds. The Lewis dot structure for water would show the oxygen atom with two lone pairs of electrons and two shared pairs of electrons with the hydrogen atoms.

Overall, covalent bonding is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps explain the formation of molecules and the properties of different substances.