Explain chemical reactions in organic compounds. For each reaction, provide one example.

Chemical reactions in organic compounds involve the breaking and forming of covalent bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. These reactions can be classified into different types such as addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement reactions.

One example of a chemical reaction in organic compounds is the addition reaction. In this type of reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a single product. An example of an addition reaction is the hydration of an alkene to form an alcohol. For instance, when ethene (C2H4) reacts with water in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid, it forms ethanol (C2H5OH).

Another example of a chemical reaction in organic compounds is the elimination reaction. In this type of reaction, a molecule loses atoms or groups of atoms to form a double bond or a triple bond. An example of an elimination reaction is the dehydration of an alcohol to form an alkene. For example, when ethanol (C2H5OH) is heated in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid, it forms ethene (C2H4) and water.

Overall, chemical reactions in organic compounds involve the breaking and forming of covalent bonds to create new molecules with different properties. These reactions play a crucial role in the synthesis of various organic compounds used in pharmaceuticals, materials, and other industries.

1. Combustion

- Definition: A reaction in which an organic compound reacts with oxygen, releasing heat and light.
- Example: Burning of methane (CH4) in the presence of oxygen:

```
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat + light
```

2. Hydration

- Definition: A reaction in which water is added to an organic compound, typically an alkene or alkyne.
- Example: Hydration of ethene (CH2=CH2) with water:

```
CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH
```

3. Dehydration

- Definition: A reaction in which water is removed from an organic compound, typically an alcohol.
- Example: Dehydration of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) to form ethene:

```
CH3CH2OH → CH2=CH2 + H2O
```

4. Substitution

- Definition: A reaction in which one atom or group of atoms in an organic compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
- Example: Reaction of methane (CH4) with chlorine (Cl2) to form methyl chloride (CH3Cl):

```
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
```

5. Elimination

- Definition: A reaction in which two adjacent atoms or groups of atoms in an organic compound are removed, forming a double or triple bond.
- Example: Dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromopropane (CH3CHBrCH3) to form propene (CH3CH=CH2):

```
CH3CHBrCH3 → CH3CH=CH2 + HBr
```

6. Addition

- Definition: A reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules add to a double or triple bond in an organic compound.
- Example: Addition of hydrogen (H2) to ethene (CH2=CH2) to form ethane (CH3CH3):

```
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3CH3
```