Anonymous
1 hour ago
Enumerate neurological changes associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
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1 hour ago
1. Peripheral neuropathy: Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to damage to the peripheral nerves, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hands and feet.
2. Cognitive impairment: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to cognitive decline and memory problems, as well as mood changes and depression.
3. Ataxia: Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause problems with coordination and balance, leading to a condition known as ataxia.
4. Optic neuropathy: In severe cases, vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to damage to the optic nerve, resulting in vision problems.
5. Demyelination: Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of myelin, the protective coating around nerve cells. Deficiency can lead to demyelination, which can cause a range of neurological symptoms.
6. Psychiatric symptoms: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, paranoia, and hallucinations.
7. Subacute combined degeneration: This is a rare but serious neurological complication of vitamin B12 deficiency, characterized by degeneration of the spinal cord and brain.
8. Restless legs syndrome: Some studies have suggested a link between vitamin B12 deficiency and restless legs syndrome, a condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs.
2. Cognitive impairment: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to cognitive decline and memory problems, as well as mood changes and depression.
3. Ataxia: Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause problems with coordination and balance, leading to a condition known as ataxia.
4. Optic neuropathy: In severe cases, vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to damage to the optic nerve, resulting in vision problems.
5. Demyelination: Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of myelin, the protective coating around nerve cells. Deficiency can lead to demyelination, which can cause a range of neurological symptoms.
6. Psychiatric symptoms: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, paranoia, and hallucinations.
7. Subacute combined degeneration: This is a rare but serious neurological complication of vitamin B12 deficiency, characterized by degeneration of the spinal cord and brain.
8. Restless legs syndrome: Some studies have suggested a link between vitamin B12 deficiency and restless legs syndrome, a condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs.
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Google Gemini AI
1 hour ago
Neurological Changes Associated with Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Peripheral Nervous System:
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Paresthesias (numbness and tingling)
- Dysesthesias (painful or uncomfortable sensations)
- Motor weakness
Spinal Cord:
- Subacute combined degeneration (SCD)
- Loss of myelin and axonal damage
- Paresthesias, sensory loss, weakness, and spasticity
Brain:
- Cognitive impairment:
- Memory loss
- Confusion
- Apathy
- Dementia
- Psychiatric disturbances:
- Depression
- Mania
- Hallucinations
- Cerebral atrophy:
- Shrinkage of the brain
- Increased homocysteine levels:
- Risk factor for vascular disease and dementia
Additional Neurological Manifestations:
- Optic nerve damage
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Urinary incontinence
Peripheral Nervous System:
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Paresthesias (numbness and tingling)
- Dysesthesias (painful or uncomfortable sensations)
- Motor weakness
Spinal Cord:
- Subacute combined degeneration (SCD)
- Loss of myelin and axonal damage
- Paresthesias, sensory loss, weakness, and spasticity
Brain:
- Cognitive impairment:
- Memory loss
- Confusion
- Apathy
- Dementia
- Psychiatric disturbances:
- Depression
- Mania
- Hallucinations
- Cerebral atrophy:
- Shrinkage of the brain
- Increased homocysteine levels:
- Risk factor for vascular disease and dementia
Additional Neurological Manifestations:
- Optic nerve damage
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Urinary incontinence
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