The characteristics features of international relations include:
1. Sovereignty: States are considered sovereign entities with the authority to govern their own affairs without interference from other states.
2. Anarchy: The international system lacks a central governing authority, leading to a state of anarchy where states must rely on their own power and resources to protect their interests.
3. Interdependence: States are interconnected and interdependent in various ways, such as through trade, finance, and communication. Actions taken by one state can have significant consequences for others.
4. Power: Power is a central concept in international relations, and states seek to maximize their power and influence to protect their interests and achieve their goals.
5. Diplomacy: Diplomacy is the primary means by which states interact and negotiate with each other. It involves the use of dialogue, negotiation, and compromise to resolve conflicts and advance mutual interests.
6. International Organizations: States often cooperate and collaborate through international organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and NATO. These organizations provide a platform for states to address global issues and coordinate their actions.
7. Conflict: Conflict is inherent in international relations, as states may have competing interests and goals. Conflicts can range from diplomatic disputes to armed conflicts and wars.
8. Norms and Rules: International relations are governed by a set of norms and rules, such as international law and treaties. These norms and rules provide a framework for behavior and help maintain order and stability in the international system.
9. Globalization: Globalization has increased the interconnectedness and interdependence of states, societies, and economies. It has facilitated the flow of goods, services, information, and people across borders, shaping international relations.
10. Multilateralism: Multilateralism refers to the practice of states working together in groups or coalitions to address global challenges and pursue common goals. It emphasizes cooperation, negotiation, and consensus-building among multiple states.