Distinguish between the following terms as used in fundamentals of pedagogy 1. Direct and indirect instructional method 2.motivation and stimulus 3.formal communication and informal communication?

1. Direct instructional method involves the teacher directly instructing students through lectures, demonstrations, or guided practice. Indirect instructional method involves students discovering knowledge on their own through activities, projects, or inquiry-based learning.

2. Motivation refers to the internal drive or desire that prompts an individual to act or behave in a certain way. Stimulus refers to an external factor or event that triggers a response or reaction in an individual.

3. Formal communication is structured, official, and follows a set of rules or protocols. It is often used in professional or academic settings. Informal communication is more casual, spontaneous, and may not follow any specific rules or guidelines. It is often used in personal or social interactions.

1. Direct and Indirect Instructional Method

- Direct instruction: Teacher-centered approach where the teacher explicitly presents information and skills to students. Students are actively engaged but play a more passive role.
- Indirect instruction: Student-centered approach where the teacher provides guidance and support, but students are encouraged to discover knowledge and develop skills through their own experiences.

2. Motivation and Stimulus

- Motivation: An internal drive that energizes and directs behavior, derived from intrinsic (e.g., interest) or extrinsic (e.g., rewards) sources.
- Stimulus: An external cue or event that prompts a response or reaction. While stimuli can influence motivation, they do not necessarily create it.

3. Formal and Informal Communication

- Formal communication: Official channels of communication within an educational institution, such as written circulars, memos, or announcements. It is usually planned, structured, and recorded.
- Informal communication: Unofficial and spontaneous exchanges between individuals or groups, such as conversations, emails, or social media posts. It is often more personal and less structured than formal communication.

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