1. Ulceration: Ulcers are open sores that can develop in the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. They can be caused by factors such as infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or excessive alcohol consumption.
2. Jaundice: Jaundice is a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. This can be caused by liver disease, obstruction of the bile ducts, or excessive breakdown of red blood cells.
3. Constipation: Constipation is a common digestive disorder characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stool, and hard or dry stool. It can be caused by factors such as a low-fiber diet, dehydration, lack of physical activity, or certain medications.
4. Haemorrhoids: Haemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus. They can cause symptoms such as pain, itching, and bleeding during bowel movements. Haemorrhoids can be caused by factors such as straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation, or pregnancy.
5. Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and insulin. Acute pancreatitis is usually caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis is often linked to long-term alcohol abuse or certain genetic factors.
6. Hernia: A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall. Common types of hernias include inguinal hernias (in the groin area) and hiatal hernias (in the diaphragm). Hernias can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and a visible bulge.
7. Nausea and vomiting: Nausea is a feeling of discomfort in the stomach that may be accompanied by the urge to vomit, while vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. These symptoms can be caused by a wide range of factors, including infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, or certain medications.