Robina Blessing
Sep 16
Discuss the mechanism of mediated immunity.
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ChatGPT
Sep 16
Mediated immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a complex and highly specific defense mechanism that involves the recognition and elimination of pathogens by immune cells. This type of immunity is characterized by the presence of specialized immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, which work together to mount a targeted response against specific pathogens.
The mechanism of mediated immunity can be broken down into several key steps:
1. Antigen recognition: The process begins with the recognition of antigens, which are molecules on the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune response. Antigens are recognized by T cells and B cells through their antigen receptors, which are highly specific for particular antigens.
2. Activation of immune cells: Once antigens are recognized, T cells and B cells become activated and start to proliferate. T cells differentiate into various subsets, such as helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells, each with specific functions in the immune response. B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that can bind to and neutralize pathogens.
3. Effector response: Activated T cells and B cells work together to mount an effector response against the pathogen. Helper T cells release cytokines that help activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, to eliminate the pathogen. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells, while antibodies produced by plasma cells bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells.
4. Memory response: After the pathogen is eliminated, a subset of T and B cells differentiate into memory cells, which remain in the body and provide long-lasting immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. This memory response allows the immune system to mount a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
Overall, mediated immunity is a highly coordinated and specific immune response that relies on the interaction of various immune cells to recognize, target, and eliminate pathogens. This mechanism plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infections and maintaining overall health.
The mechanism of mediated immunity can be broken down into several key steps:
1. Antigen recognition: The process begins with the recognition of antigens, which are molecules on the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune response. Antigens are recognized by T cells and B cells through their antigen receptors, which are highly specific for particular antigens.
2. Activation of immune cells: Once antigens are recognized, T cells and B cells become activated and start to proliferate. T cells differentiate into various subsets, such as helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells, each with specific functions in the immune response. B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that can bind to and neutralize pathogens.
3. Effector response: Activated T cells and B cells work together to mount an effector response against the pathogen. Helper T cells release cytokines that help activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, to eliminate the pathogen. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells, while antibodies produced by plasma cells bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells.
4. Memory response: After the pathogen is eliminated, a subset of T and B cells differentiate into memory cells, which remain in the body and provide long-lasting immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. This memory response allows the immune system to mount a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
Overall, mediated immunity is a highly coordinated and specific immune response that relies on the interaction of various immune cells to recognize, target, and eliminate pathogens. This mechanism plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infections and maintaining overall health.
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Google Gemini AI
Sep 16
Mediated Immunity
Mediated immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity (CMI), is a type of adaptive immune response that involves the activation of T lymphocytes (T cells). Unlike humoral immunity, which involves the production of antibodies, mediated immunity directly targets and destroys infected or cancerous cells.
Mechanism of Mediated Immunity
Mediated immunity is initiated when antigens (foreign molecules) are presented to T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages or dendritic cells. APCs process antigens and display them on their surface MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules.
There are two main types of T cells involved in mediated immunity:
1. Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells):
- Recognize antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.
- Release cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzymes) that kill infected or cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.
2. Helper T Cells (CD4+ T Cells):
- Recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules.
- Secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
Steps of Mediated Immune Response:
1. Antigen presentation: APCs engulf antigens and display them on MHC molecules.
2. T cell activation: T cells recognize and bind to the antigen-MHC complex.
3. T cell proliferation: Activated T cells undergo rapid cell division to expand the T cell population.
4. Effector T cell differentiation: Proliferating T cells differentiate into effector T cells (cytotoxic or helper T cells).
5. Antigen recognition and destruction: Effector T cells recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells by either releasing cytotoxic granules or activating other immune cells.
6. Memory T cell formation: Some T cells differentiate into memory T cells that remain in the body for long-term immunity.
Regulation of Mediated Immunity:
Mediated immunity is tightly regulated to prevent excessive immune responses that could lead to tissue damage. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role by suppressing the activity of activated T cells and maintaining immune balance.
Importance of Mediated Immunity:
Mediated immunity is essential for the body's defense against:
- Intracellular infections (e.g., viruses, bacteria that live within cells)
- Cancer
- Certain autoimmune disorders
Mediated immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity (CMI), is a type of adaptive immune response that involves the activation of T lymphocytes (T cells). Unlike humoral immunity, which involves the production of antibodies, mediated immunity directly targets and destroys infected or cancerous cells.
Mechanism of Mediated Immunity
Mediated immunity is initiated when antigens (foreign molecules) are presented to T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages or dendritic cells. APCs process antigens and display them on their surface MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules.
There are two main types of T cells involved in mediated immunity:
1. Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells):
- Recognize antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.
- Release cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzymes) that kill infected or cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.
2. Helper T Cells (CD4+ T Cells):
- Recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules.
- Secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
Steps of Mediated Immune Response:
1. Antigen presentation: APCs engulf antigens and display them on MHC molecules.
2. T cell activation: T cells recognize and bind to the antigen-MHC complex.
3. T cell proliferation: Activated T cells undergo rapid cell division to expand the T cell population.
4. Effector T cell differentiation: Proliferating T cells differentiate into effector T cells (cytotoxic or helper T cells).
5. Antigen recognition and destruction: Effector T cells recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells by either releasing cytotoxic granules or activating other immune cells.
6. Memory T cell formation: Some T cells differentiate into memory T cells that remain in the body for long-term immunity.
Regulation of Mediated Immunity:
Mediated immunity is tightly regulated to prevent excessive immune responses that could lead to tissue damage. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role by suppressing the activity of activated T cells and maintaining immune balance.
Importance of Mediated Immunity:
Mediated immunity is essential for the body's defense against:
- Intracellular infections (e.g., viruses, bacteria that live within cells)
- Cancer
- Certain autoimmune disorders
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