Discuss the difference between act and rule utilitarianism using charts.

Act Utilitarianism:

- Focuses on the consequences of individual actions
- Considers the specific circumstances of each situation
- Evaluates each action based on whether it produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people
- Does not rely on fixed rules or principles
- Requires constant evaluation and decision-making based on the specific context

Rule Utilitarianism:

- Focuses on following a set of rules or principles that, when consistently applied, lead to the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people
- Considers the overall consequences of following a rule rather than the consequences of individual actions
- Relies on established rules or principles to guide decision-making
- Provides a more stable and predictable moral framework
- Allows for easier decision-making in complex or uncertain situations

Comparison:

| Aspect | Act Utilitarianism | Rule Utilitarianism |
|-------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|
| Focus | Individual actions | Established rules |
| Considerations | Specific circumstances | Overall consequences of following rules |
| Decision-making | Based on context | Based on rules |
| Stability | Less stable | More stable |
| Predictability | Less predictable | More predictable |
| Flexibility | More flexible | Less flexible |

In summary, act utilitarianism focuses on evaluating individual actions based on their consequences, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following established rules or principles that lead to the greatest amount of happiness. Act utilitarianism allows for more flexibility and context-specific decision-making, while rule utilitarianism provides a more stable and predictable moral framework.

Act Utilitarianism | Rule Utilitarianism
---|---|
Central Principle | An act is right if it produces the best consequences. | An act is right if it conforms to a rule that would produce the best consequences if followed by everyone.
Focus | Individual acts. | Rules or principles.
Consideration of Consequences | Consequences of each act are considered individually. | Consequences of conforming to the rule are considered.
Flexibility | More flexible. | Less flexible.
Complex Situations | Can be difficult to determine the best consequences in complex situations. | Provides a clear framework for decision-making in complex situations.
Exceptions to Rules | No exceptions to the rule of maximizing utility. | Exceptions to rules may be allowed if there are overriding consequences.
Example | Stealing a loaf of bread to feed a starving person is right because it produces the best consequences. | Stealing is wrong, even if it would produce a good outcome in a particular case.
Practicality | Can be difficult to apply in practice. | Easier to apply in practice.
Criticism | Can lead to unclear or difficult decisions in complex situations. | Can result in rigidity and a lack of flexibility.