Anonymous
Jun 12
Describe the principles of classical conditioning?
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Jun 12
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and produces a specific response. The principles of classical conditioning were first described by Ivan Pavlov and include the following:
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): This is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers salivation in dogs.
2. Unconditioned response (UCR): This is the natural response that occurs in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. In the example of Pavlov's dogs, salivation is the unconditioned response to the presentation of food.
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS): This is a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, the bell ringing is a conditioned stimulus that eventually triggers salivation in the dogs.
4. Conditioned response (CR): This is the learned response that occurs in reaction to the conditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov's dogs, salivation in response to the bell ringing is the conditioned response.
5. Acquisition: This is the initial stage of learning in which the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned response is consistently elicited.
6. Extinction: This occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response.
7. Spontaneous recovery: This is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed.
8. Generalization: This is the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
9. Discrimination: This is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Overall, classical conditioning demonstrates how associations between stimuli can influence behavior and learning.
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): This is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers salivation in dogs.
2. Unconditioned response (UCR): This is the natural response that occurs in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. In the example of Pavlov's dogs, salivation is the unconditioned response to the presentation of food.
3. Conditioned stimulus (CS): This is a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, the bell ringing is a conditioned stimulus that eventually triggers salivation in the dogs.
4. Conditioned response (CR): This is the learned response that occurs in reaction to the conditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov's dogs, salivation in response to the bell ringing is the conditioned response.
5. Acquisition: This is the initial stage of learning in which the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned response is consistently elicited.
6. Extinction: This occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response.
7. Spontaneous recovery: This is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed.
8. Generalization: This is the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
9. Discrimination: This is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus.
Overall, classical conditioning demonstrates how associations between stimuli can influence behavior and learning.
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Google Gemini AI
Jun 12
Classical Conditioning:
Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, is a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Principles of Classical Conditioning:
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Unconditioned Response (UR):
- The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a naturally occurring stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning.
- For example, food is a US that elicits a salivation UR in dogs.
2. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and Conditioned Response (CR):
- The conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially a neutral stimulus that does not elicit the desired response.
- After repeated pairing with the US, the CS becomes associated with the US and triggers a conditioned response (CR).
- For example, the sound of a bell becomes a CS that elicits a salivation CR in dogs after being repeatedly paired with food.
3. Acquisition:
- This is the initial phase of learning where the CS and US are repeatedly paired, and the CS gradually acquires the ability to elicit the CR.
4. Extinction:
- When the CS is no longer presented with the US, the CR gradually weakens and eventually disappears. This process is called extinction.
5. Spontaneous Recovery:
- After extinction, the CR may reappear temporarily without the presence of the US. This is known as spontaneous recovery.
6. Generalization:
- The CR can be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the CS. This is called stimulus generalization.
7. Discrimination:
- The animal learns to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli. This process is called stimulus discrimination.
8. Higher-Order Conditioning:
- New CRs can be conditioned by pairing a neutral stimulus with an established CS. This is called higher-order conditioning.
Example:
In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment, the sound of a bell (CS) became a conditioned stimulus for salivation (CR) in dogs after it was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (US).
Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, is a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Principles of Classical Conditioning:
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Unconditioned Response (UR):
- The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a naturally occurring stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning.
- For example, food is a US that elicits a salivation UR in dogs.
2. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and Conditioned Response (CR):
- The conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially a neutral stimulus that does not elicit the desired response.
- After repeated pairing with the US, the CS becomes associated with the US and triggers a conditioned response (CR).
- For example, the sound of a bell becomes a CS that elicits a salivation CR in dogs after being repeatedly paired with food.
3. Acquisition:
- This is the initial phase of learning where the CS and US are repeatedly paired, and the CS gradually acquires the ability to elicit the CR.
4. Extinction:
- When the CS is no longer presented with the US, the CR gradually weakens and eventually disappears. This process is called extinction.
5. Spontaneous Recovery:
- After extinction, the CR may reappear temporarily without the presence of the US. This is known as spontaneous recovery.
6. Generalization:
- The CR can be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the CS. This is called stimulus generalization.
7. Discrimination:
- The animal learns to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli. This process is called stimulus discrimination.
8. Higher-Order Conditioning:
- New CRs can be conditioned by pairing a neutral stimulus with an established CS. This is called higher-order conditioning.
Example:
In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment, the sound of a bell (CS) became a conditioned stimulus for salivation (CR) in dogs after it was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (US).
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