edson sospeter
Dec 17, 2023
Describe The organization of sympathetic nervous systems???
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Dec 17, 2023
The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. It is responsible for the body's response to stress or danger, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response.
The organization of the sympathetic nervous system involves a complex network of nerves, ganglia, and neurotransmitters. Here is a breakdown of its organization:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord's thoracic and lumbar regions. The preganglionic neurons, which are the first set of neurons in the sympathetic pathway, are located in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
2. Preganglionic Neurons: These neurons extend from the spinal cord to the autonomic ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS. The preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to activate the next set of neurons.
3. Autonomic Ganglia: The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. These ganglia are located in two main chains called the sympathetic trunk or chain ganglia, which run parallel to the spinal cord on both sides. There are also prevertebral ganglia located anteriorly to the spinal cord.
4. Postganglionic Neurons: The postganglionic neurons extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target organs or tissues. These neurons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) to transmit signals to the effector organs.
5. Neurotransmitters: The sympathetic nervous system primarily uses two neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons and binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons. Norepinephrine is released by postganglionic neurons and binds to adrenergic receptors on target organs.
6. Target Organs: The sympathetic nervous system innervates various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver, kidneys, and sweat glands. Its activation leads to increased heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, bronchodilation, increased blood glucose levels, and other physiological responses that prepare the body for action.
Overall, the sympathetic nervous system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with signals originating in the CNS and passing through preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to reach the target organs. This organization allows for rapid and coordinated responses to stress or danger.
The organization of the sympathetic nervous system involves a complex network of nerves, ganglia, and neurotransmitters. Here is a breakdown of its organization:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord's thoracic and lumbar regions. The preganglionic neurons, which are the first set of neurons in the sympathetic pathway, are located in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
2. Preganglionic Neurons: These neurons extend from the spinal cord to the autonomic ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS. The preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to activate the next set of neurons.
3. Autonomic Ganglia: The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. These ganglia are located in two main chains called the sympathetic trunk or chain ganglia, which run parallel to the spinal cord on both sides. There are also prevertebral ganglia located anteriorly to the spinal cord.
4. Postganglionic Neurons: The postganglionic neurons extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target organs or tissues. These neurons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) to transmit signals to the effector organs.
5. Neurotransmitters: The sympathetic nervous system primarily uses two neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Acetylcholine is released by preganglionic neurons and binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons. Norepinephrine is released by postganglionic neurons and binds to adrenergic receptors on target organs.
6. Target Organs: The sympathetic nervous system innervates various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver, kidneys, and sweat glands. Its activation leads to increased heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, bronchodilation, increased blood glucose levels, and other physiological responses that prepare the body for action.
Overall, the sympathetic nervous system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with signals originating in the CNS and passing through preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to reach the target organs. This organization allows for rapid and coordinated responses to stress or danger.
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