Describe g protein coupled receptors that activate adenylyl cyclase in detail ?

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate adenylyl cyclase are a type of cell surface receptor that play a crucial role in signal transduction. These receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and sensory perception.

When a ligand binds to the GPCR, it induces a conformational change in the receptor that allows it to interact with a specific type of G protein known as a Gs protein. The Gs protein consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When the GPCR binds to the Gs protein, the alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP, causing it to dissociate from the beta and gamma subunits.

The activated alpha subunit then binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme located on the inner surface of the cell membrane. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger molecule that plays a key role in intracellular signaling.

cAMP then activates protein kinase A (PKA), a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a variety of target proteins, leading to changes in cellular function. These changes can include alterations in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme activity, among others.

Overall, GPCRs that activate adenylyl cyclase play a critical role in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals and are important targets for drug development in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological disorders.