Describe fully ten excipients used in tablets and references?

1. Microcrystalline cellulose: A commonly used excipient in tablet formulations, microcrystalline cellulose is a type of cellulose derived from plant fibers. It is used as a filler, binder, and disintegrant in tablets to improve their physical properties and aid in drug release. (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151343/)

2. Magnesium stearate: This excipient is used as a lubricant in tablet formulations to prevent sticking of the tablet material to the punches and dies during the compression process. It also helps in improving the flow properties of the powder blend. (Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/magnesium-stearate)

3. Lactose: Lactose is a commonly used filler and binder in tablet formulations. It is a sugar derived from milk and is used to improve the compressibility of the tablet blend and aid in the disintegration of the tablet. (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151343/)

4. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): PVP is a water-soluble polymer that is used as a binder in tablet formulations. It helps in improving the cohesion of the tablet blend and aids in the disintegration of the tablet upon ingestion. (Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/polyvinylpyrrolidone)

5. Croscarmellose sodium: This excipient is a superdisintegrant that is used in tablet formulations to aid in the rapid disintegration of the tablet upon ingestion. It helps in improving the dissolution and bioavailability of the drug. (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151343/)

6. Sodium starch glycolate: Another superdisintegrant used in tablet formulations, sodium starch glycolate helps in the rapid disintegration of the tablet and improves the dissolution and bioavailability of the drug. (Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/sodium-starch-glycolate)

7. Hydroxypropyl cellulose: This excipient is a water-soluble polymer that is used as a binder and disintegrant in tablet formulations. It helps in improving the compressibility of the tablet blend and aids in the disintegration of the tablet upon ingestion. (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151343/)

8. Talc: Talc is a lubricant and glidant used in tablet formulations to improve the flow properties of the powder blend and prevent sticking of the tablet material to the punches and dies during the compression process. (Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/talc)

9. Polyethylene glycol: Polyethylene glycol is a water-soluble polymer that is used as a binder and plasticizer in tablet formulations. It helps in improving the cohesion of the tablet blend and aids in the disintegration of the tablet upon ingestion. (Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151343/)

10. Corn starch: Corn starch is a commonly used filler and binder in tablet formulations. It is derived from corn and is used to improve the compressibility of the tablet blend and aid in the disintegration of the tablet. (Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/corn-starch)

1. Binders
- Starch: Natural polysaccharide derived from corn, potato, or wheat. Provides adhesion and mechanical strength to tablets.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): Synthetic polymer that enhances wettability and dissolution of ingredients.

2. Diluents
- Lactose: Natural milk sugar that acts as a bulking agent, providing volume to tablets.
- Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC): Cellulose-based filler that improves tabletability and dissolution.

3. Disintegrants
- Sodium starch glycolate: Cross-linked polymer that absorbs moisture and swells, causing tablets to break apart.
- Croscarmellose sodium: Cellulose derivative that disintegrates tablets rapidly in water.

4. Lubricants
- Magnesium stearate: Hydrophobic powder that reduces friction during tableting and prevents sticking.
- Sodium stearyl fumarate: Synthetic surfactant that enhances tabletability and flowability.

5. Glidants
- Colloidal silicon dioxide: Finely divided silica that improves powder flowability and prevents caking.
- Talc: Hydrated magnesium silicate that acts as a slip agent, reducing friction.

6. Film-Forming Agents
- Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC): Cellulose derivative that forms a protective coating on tablets, protecting against moisture and disintegration.
- Ethylcellulose: Synthetic cellulose derivative that provides sustained release and enteric coatings.

References:

1. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
2. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
3. Rowe, R., Sheskey, P., & Quinn, M. (2009). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients.
4. Aulton, M., & Taylor, K. (2012). Aulton's Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines.
5. Brittain, H. G. (1996). Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology.