Describe Cytokinesis in animal cell?

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in animal cells, following the separation of the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.

In animal cells, cytokinesis is achieved through a process called cleavage. Cleavage begins with the formation of a contractile ring made of actin and myosin filaments at the equator of the cell. This ring contracts, pinching the cell membrane inward and creating a furrow called the cleavage furrow.

As the contractile ring continues to contract, the cleavage furrow deepens until the cell is completely divided into two daughter cells. Finally, the cell membrane is sealed off, resulting in two separate and genetically identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis in animal cells ensures that each daughter cell receives an equal amount of cytoplasm and organelles, allowing for the formation of two new, fully functional cells.

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows nuclear division (karyokinesis) in animal cells. It results in the separation of the cell's cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.

Phases of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells:

1. Furrow Formation:

- A shallow groove called the cleavage furrow appears on the cell surface, typically at the equator.
- The furrow is composed of microfilaments of the protein actin and is generated by the constriction of the actomyosin ring.

2. Furrow Ingression:

- The cleavage furrow becomes deeper as the actomyosin ring contracts more.
- The plasma membrane and other cellular components are squeezed into the furrow.

3. Cleavage Furrow Deepening:

- The furrow continues to deepen, dividing the cytoplasm into two separate compartments.
- The membranes of the two daughter cells fuse at the midbody, which is the narrowest point of the furrow.

4. Midbody Cleavage:

- The midbody, composed of a dense network of microtubules and proteins, is severed by proteases.
- This separation completes the physical separation of the two daughter cells.

Regulation of Cytokinesis:

- Cytokinesis is regulated by the mitotic spindle, which determines the plane of cell division.
- The RhoA signaling pathway controls the formation and contraction of the actomyosin ring.
- The Aurora B kinase is involved in spindle stabilization and cytokinesis initiation.

Importance of Cytokinesis:

- Cytokinesis ensures the equal distribution of genetic material and organelles to daughter cells.
- It maintains the proper cell size and number in the body.
- Failure of cytokinesis can lead to the formation of multinucleated cells or polyploidy (increased chromosome number).

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