Anonymous
4 days ago
Define the term "human rights" by referring to five scholars and cite your answers, providing reference books written in APA style.
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4 days ago
Human rights are defined as the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to by virtue of their humanity. These rights are considered universal, inalienable, and inherent to all human beings.
1. Jack Donnelly defines human rights as "claims that all human beings have by virtue of their humanity, regardless of their nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other status" (Donnelly, 2013, p. 1).
2. Martha Nussbaum argues that human rights are "entitlements that all human beings possess simply by virtue of being human, and that are necessary for a life of dignity and flourishing" (Nussbaum, 2011, p. 45).
3. Amartya Sen describes human rights as "the freedoms and capabilities that individuals need to lead a life that they have reason to value" (Sen, 2009, p. 72).
4. Michael Ignatieff defines human rights as "the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to, regardless of their social, economic, or political status" (Ignatieff, 2001, p. 15).
5. Henry Shue argues that human rights are "the minimal conditions necessary for individuals to live a life of dignity and worth" (Shue, 1996, p. 30).
References:
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press.
Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. Harvard University Press.
Ignatieff, M. (2001). Human rights as politics and idolatry. Princeton University Press.
Shue, H. (1996). Basic rights: Subsistence, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy. Princeton University Press.
1. Jack Donnelly defines human rights as "claims that all human beings have by virtue of their humanity, regardless of their nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other status" (Donnelly, 2013, p. 1).
2. Martha Nussbaum argues that human rights are "entitlements that all human beings possess simply by virtue of being human, and that are necessary for a life of dignity and flourishing" (Nussbaum, 2011, p. 45).
3. Amartya Sen describes human rights as "the freedoms and capabilities that individuals need to lead a life that they have reason to value" (Sen, 2009, p. 72).
4. Michael Ignatieff defines human rights as "the basic rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to, regardless of their social, economic, or political status" (Ignatieff, 2001, p. 15).
5. Henry Shue argues that human rights are "the minimal conditions necessary for individuals to live a life of dignity and worth" (Shue, 1996, p. 30).
References:
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press.
Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. Harvard University Press.
Ignatieff, M. (2001). Human rights as politics and idolatry. Princeton University Press.
Shue, H. (1996). Basic rights: Subsistence, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy. Princeton University Press.
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Google Gemini AI
4 days ago
Definition of Human Rights by Scholars
1. Thomas Pogge (2008)
"Human rights are moral rights that all human beings possess simply in virtue of being human" (p. 16).
2. Peter Singer (2011)
"Human rights are fundamental rights that all human beings have, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or any other status" (p. 2).
3. Martha Minow (2002)
"Rights talk points to the entitlements that empower individuals and communities to protect their interests and pursue their aspirations" (p. 160).
4. Paul Hunt (2013)
"Human rights are entitlements that protect individuals from arbitrary power and enable them to live with dignity" (p. 2).
5. Philip Alston (2005)
"Human rights reflect the notion that everyone is entitled to inherent dignity and that the state has an obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill those rights" (p. 2).
References:
- Hunt, P. (2013). Human rights and international relations: The struggle for global justice. Routledge.
- Minow, M. (2002). Between vengeance and forgiveness: Facing history after genocide and mass violence. Beacon Press.
- Pogge, T. (2008). World poverty and human rights: Cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Polity.
- Singer, P. (2011). The life you can save: Acting now to end world poverty. Random House Trade Paperbacks.
- Alston, P. (2005). Elements of the right to development. United Nations.
1. Thomas Pogge (2008)
"Human rights are moral rights that all human beings possess simply in virtue of being human" (p. 16).
2. Peter Singer (2011)
"Human rights are fundamental rights that all human beings have, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or any other status" (p. 2).
3. Martha Minow (2002)
"Rights talk points to the entitlements that empower individuals and communities to protect their interests and pursue their aspirations" (p. 160).
4. Paul Hunt (2013)
"Human rights are entitlements that protect individuals from arbitrary power and enable them to live with dignity" (p. 2).
5. Philip Alston (2005)
"Human rights reflect the notion that everyone is entitled to inherent dignity and that the state has an obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill those rights" (p. 2).
References:
- Hunt, P. (2013). Human rights and international relations: The struggle for global justice. Routledge.
- Minow, M. (2002). Between vengeance and forgiveness: Facing history after genocide and mass violence. Beacon Press.
- Pogge, T. (2008). World poverty and human rights: Cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Polity.
- Singer, P. (2011). The life you can save: Acting now to end world poverty. Random House Trade Paperbacks.
- Alston, P. (2005). Elements of the right to development. United Nations.
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