Define the following terms in hydrology: water demand, supply capacity, production capacity, losses, design period. Also, provide differences between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.

1. Water demand: Water demand refers to the amount of water needed by a community, industry, or agricultural sector for various purposes such as drinking, sanitation, irrigation, and industrial processes.

2. Supply capacity: Supply capacity is the maximum amount of water that can be provided by a water source or system, such as a reservoir, groundwater aquifer, or water treatment plant.

3. Production capacity: Production capacity refers to the maximum amount of water that can be produced or treated by a water treatment plant or facility.

4. Losses: Losses in hydrology refer to the amount of water that is lost or wasted during the transportation, distribution, or treatment process. This can include leaks in pipelines, evaporation, and unauthorized use.

5. Design period: The design period is the time period for which a water supply system or infrastructure is designed to meet the water demand requirements. It is typically based on factors such as population growth, industrial development, and climate change projections.

Differences between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps:

1. Centrifugal pumps: Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to create a centrifugal force that pushes water outward, increasing its velocity and pressure. These pumps are typically used for high flow rate applications and are more energy-efficient than reciprocating pumps. They are also less expensive and require less maintenance.

2. Reciprocating pumps: Reciprocating pumps work by using a piston or diaphragm to create a back-and-forth motion that draws water into the pump and then pushes it out. These pumps are typically used for high-pressure applications and are more suitable for pumping viscous or abrasive fluids. They are also more expensive and require more maintenance than centrifugal pumps.

Hydrology Terms:

- Water demand: The quantity of water required by users, including domestic, industrial, agricultural, and environmental purposes.
- Supply capacity: The maximum amount of water that can be supplied by a water system over a given period, considering all available sources and infrastructure.
- Production capacity: The rate at which water can be pumped from a well or abstracted from a surface water source, considering available pumps and equipment.
- Losses: The amount of water lost during distribution due to leakage, evaporation, and other factors.
- Design period: The period of time for which a water system is designed to operate, considering expected population growth, climate variability, and other factors.

Centrifugal vs. Reciprocating Pumps:

Centrifugal pumps:

- Rotate impeller to generate centrifugal force, moving water outward.
- Continuous flow, suitable for high flow rates and relatively low heads.
- Generally smaller and less expensive than reciprocating pumps.

Reciprocating pumps:

- Use a piston or diaphragm to move water.
- Can generate higher heads than centrifugal pumps.
- Intermittent flow, suitable for low flow rates and high heads.
- Can be more expensive and require more maintenance than centrifugal pumps.