Chinua Achebe's Masterful Use of Double Consciousness in "Things Fall Apart"
Chinua Achebe's seminal novel, "Things Fall Apart," delves into the profound complexities of identity and cultural collision during the colonial era in Africa. Through the lens of double consciousness, Achebe meticulously portrays the psychological and emotional turmoil experienced by the Igbo protagonist, Okonkwo, as he grapples with the imposition of Western values and the erosion of his traditional way of life.
Double Consciousness: A Concept Defined
Double consciousness, a term coined by the African-American philosopher W.E.B. Du Bois, refers to the simultaneous existence of two self-concepts within an individual: one that identifies with their own culture and one that is shaped by the dominant societal norms. This duality often leads to a sense of alienation and internal conflict, as individuals navigate the complexities of belonging to two distinct worlds.
Achebe's Depiction of Double Consciousness in Okonkwo
In "Things Fall Apart," Achebe masterfully employs double consciousness to explore the inner struggles of Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a renowned Igbo warrior and respected elder, embodying the traditional values of his community. However, his world is shattered by the arrival of Christian missionaries and British colonialists, who challenge and ultimately undermine his way of life.
Torn between loyalty to his Igbo heritage and the allure of Western modernity, Okonkwo finds himself constantly at odds with himself. He is both attracted to and repulsed by the power and sophistication of the white man, while simultaneously clinging to the familiar customs and traditions of his tribe.
Examples of Double Consciousness in the Novel
Achebe provides numerous examples to illustrate Okonkwo's double consciousness, including:
- Okonkwo's desire for a gun: While deeply rooted in Igbo tradition, Okonkwo covets the weapon of his former colonial oppressors, seeing it as a symbol of power and modernity.
- Okonkwo's conversion to Christianity: Despite his initial resistance, Okonkwo eventually converts to the new religion in an attempt to gain the favor of the British and secure his position in the changing social hierarchy.
- Okonkwo's conflict with his son: Okonkwo's son, Nwoye, abandons his Igbo faith and aligns himself with the missionaries, creating a deep rift between father and son and highlighting the generational divide caused by double consciousness.
Consequences of Double Consciousness for Okonkwo
Okonkwo's struggle with double consciousness ultimately leads to his tragic demise. Unable to fully reconcile the conflicting forces within him, he becomes increasingly alienated and isolated. His actions become erratic and impulsive, culminating in the accidental killing of a white man, an act that seals his fate.
Significance of Achebe's Exploration of Double Consciousness
Achebe's portrayal of double consciousness in "Things Fall Apart" has had a profound impact on African literature and beyond, highlighting the complex psychological and emotional experiences of individuals caught between two cultures. It is a testament to Achebe's literary brilliance that he was able to capture this nuanced concept with such clarity and depth.
References
- Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart." Anchor Books, 1994.
- Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Souls of Black Folk." Dover Publications, 1994.
- Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. "The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism." Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Mudimbe, V.Y. "The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge." Indiana University Press, 1988.