Natural Hazards
- Earthquakes: Movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity
- Volcanoes: Eruption of magma, gas, and ash
- Tsunamis: Underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions
- Floods: Excessive rainfall, snowmelt, dam failures
- Hurricanes and tropical storms: Warm ocean water, low atmospheric pressure
- Tornadoes: Rotating columns of air extending from a thunderstorm base
- Wildfires: Ignition of dry vegetation by lightning, human activity, or other factors
- Landslides: Slope failure due to heavy rain, earthquakes, or human activities
- Droughts: Prolonged absence of precipitation
Technological Hazards
- Industrial accidents: Explosions, fires, chemical leaks
- Nuclear accidents: Radiation release and contamination
- Transportation accidents: Accidents involving vehicles, trains, ships, or aircraft
- Infrastructure failures: Collapse of bridges, roads, or buildings
- Cyberattacks: Malicious disruption of computer systems and networks
- Space debris: Collision of satellites or debris with Earth
Human-Induced Hazards
- War and conflict: Armed violence and destruction
- Terrorism: Intentional acts of violence
- Environmental pollution: Chemical spills, air pollution, water pollution
- Climate change: Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, sea level rise
- Overpopulation: Population growth leading to resource depletion and environmental degradation
- Deforestation: Removal of trees, leading to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity