Natural Hazards
- Geophysical hazards: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, sinkholes
- Hydrological hazards: Floods, droughts, water scarcity, dam failures
- Meteorological hazards: Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, wildfires, heat waves, cold waves
- Biological hazards: Disease outbreaks, pandemics, zoonotic diseases, invasive species
Technological Hazards
- Industrial accidents: Explosions, chemical spills, nuclear accidents
- Transportation accidents: Plane crashes, train derailments, shipwrecks
- Utility failures: Power outages, water shortages, gas leaks
- Cyberattacks: Hackers, ransomware, viruses
Anthropogenic Hazards
- Deforestation and land degradation: Habitat loss, erosion, desertification
- Overpopulation and urbanization: Crowding, pollution, resource depletion
- Climate change: Sea-level rise, extreme weather events, glacial retreat
- Pollution: Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution
- War and conflict: Bombings, chemical warfare, displacement
Social and Economic Factors
- Poverty and inequality: Lack of access to resources, vulnerability to disasters
- Poor planning and infrastructure: Weak buildings, inadequate sanitation
- Lack of education and awareness: Insufficient knowledge about hazards and preparedness
- Cultural and behavioral factors: Taboos, traditional practices that increase risk
- Weak governance and institutional capacity: Limited resources, lack of coordination for disaster management