Briefly explain how steam distillation process used in the extraction of essential oils of pharmaceutical application?

Steam distillation is a commonly used method for extracting essential oils from plants for pharmaceutical applications. In this process, steam is passed through the plant material, causing the essential oil to evaporate. The steam and essential oil vapor mixture is then condensed and collected.

The process begins by placing the plant material in a distillation apparatus, typically a still or a distillation flask. Steam is then introduced into the apparatus, which helps to release the essential oil from the plant material. The steam carries the essential oil vapor through a condenser, where it is cooled and converted back into a liquid state.

The condensed liquid, which consists of water and the essential oil, is collected in a separate container. Since essential oils are lighter than water, they float on top of the collected liquid. This allows for easy separation of the essential oil from the water.

The collected essential oil can then be further processed and purified to remove any impurities or unwanted compounds. This is typically done through techniques such as filtration or distillation.

Steam distillation is preferred for extracting essential oils from plants for pharmaceutical applications because it is a gentle and efficient method. It allows for the extraction of a wide range of volatile compounds present in the plant material, including the essential oil. Additionally, steam distillation helps to preserve the natural properties and therapeutic benefits of the essential oil, making it suitable for pharmaceutical use.