According to the medical model of disability, which learners in ordinary schools are regarded as ‘outside the boundaries of normal’ and how does this model justify the view that it holds of such ?

The medical model of disability regards learners with impairments or conditions that are considered abnormal or deviant from the typical functioning of the human body as being 'outside the boundaries of normal.' These learners may have physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental health impairments that affect their ability to participate fully in the activities of ordinary schools. The medical model justifies this view by conceptualizing disability as a medical problem or pathology that is located within the individual learner's body and mind. According to this view, the responsibility for accommodating the needs of learners with disabilities lies with the medical profession, which is expected to provide treatments and interventions to 'cure' or 'fix' the impairments. This model also assumes that the impairments or conditions that cause disability are static and unchanging, and that the individuals with disabilities are passive recipients of medical treatments rather than active agents in their own lives. It can lead to a narrow and medicalized understanding of disability that focuses on individual deficits rather than on the social and environmental factors that contribute to disability and marginalization. As a result, learners with disabilities may face stigmatization, discrimination, and exclusion from mainstream education and society, as they are perceived as being 'abnormal' or 'defective' and in need of special treatment or education.

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