1. Ontology: The study of being and existence. 2. Epistemology: The study of knowledge, how it is acquired, and its limits.
Epistemological Positions:
3. Positivism: The belief that all knowledge is derived from sense experience and observation. 4. Constructivism: The view that knowledge is constructed through social and cultural interactions.
Metaphysical Positions:
5. Realism: The belief that the world exists independently of our minds and that our knowledge of it is accurate.