1. (a) What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure? (b) Briefly discuss the various quantum numbers. 2. (a) State Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. (b) State the basic d

efinition of crystal lattice and discuss its importance in crystallography.

3. (a) Explain the concept of lattice energy in terms of ionic compounds. (b) Discuss the factors that affect the lattice energy of an ionic compound.

4. (a) Define the term 'coordination number' in the context of crystal structures. (b) Discuss the different types of crystal structures based on coordination number.

5. (a) Explain the concept of polymorphism in crystallography. (b) Discuss the significance of polymorphism in materials science and engineering.

1.
a) Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of electrons and protons within an individual atom. It determines the chemical properties of the atom and its ability to form bonds with other atoms.

Crystal structure, on the other hand, describes the regular arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions in a solid state. It determines the physical properties of the solid, such as its shape, density, and conductivity.

b) Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that define the state of an electron in an atom:
- Principal quantum number (n): Describes the energy level of the electron.
- Azimuthal quantum number (l): Describes the shape of the electron orbital.
- Magnetic quantum number (ml): Describes the orientation of the orbital in space.
- Spin quantum number (ms): Describes the intrinsic spin of the electron.

2.
a) Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity states that when assigning electrons to orbitals within a subshell, the electrons will have their spins aligned as parallel as possible. This results in the highest possible spin multiplicity for the atom.

b) The basic d orbital shapes are:
- dxy: Resembles a four-leaf clover shape.
- dyz: Resembles a dumbbell shape oriented along the y-z axis.
- dxz: Resembles a dumbbell shape oriented along the x-z axis.
- dx2-y2: Resembles a four-pointed star shape.
- dz2: Resembles a spherical shape.

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