Causes of underdevelopment in less developed countries is internally rooted rather than externally rooted"support the statement with examples?

There are several reasons why underdevelopment in less developed countries is often internally rooted rather than externally rooted. One major factor is the lack of good governance and political instability in these countries. Corruption, nepotism, and lack of transparency in government institutions can hinder economic growth and development. For example, in countries like Nigeria and Zimbabwe, widespread corruption and mismanagement of resources have contributed to their underdevelopment.

Another internal factor contributing to underdevelopment in less developed countries is the lack of investment in education and healthcare. Without a well-educated and healthy workforce, countries struggle to attract foreign investment and create sustainable economic growth. For instance, in countries like Afghanistan and Haiti, low levels of education and healthcare access have hindered their development.

Additionally, internal conflicts and civil wars can also be a major barrier to development in less developed countries. These conflicts can disrupt economic activities, displace populations, and destroy infrastructure, making it difficult for countries to recover and develop. For example, the civil war in Syria has devastated the country's economy and infrastructure, leading to widespread poverty and underdevelopment.

Overall, while external factors such as colonialism and global economic inequalities have certainly played a role in the underdevelopment of less developed countries, it is often the internal factors such as governance issues, lack of investment in education and healthcare, and internal conflicts that are the primary drivers of underdevelopment in these countries.

Statement: Causes of underdevelopment in less developed countries are internally rooted rather than externally rooted.

Support with Examples:

Internal Factors:

- Poor Governance and Corruption: Widespread corruption and weak institutions stifle economic growth, discourage investment, and redirect resources away from productive activities. Example: In many African countries, corrupt governments have embezzled public funds and awarded contracts to cronies, leading to a lack of infrastructure and essential services.
- Lack of Education and Human Capital: A poorly educated population with limited skills cannot contribute effectively to economic development. Example: In parts of South Asia, high illiteracy rates and low levels of technical education have hindered the development of industries and innovation.
- Conflict and Political Instability: Civil wars, ethnic tensions, and political instability create uncertainty and disrupt economic activity. Example: The decades-long conflict in Afghanistan has destroyed infrastructure, displaced millions of people, and stifled investment.
- Traditional or Cultural Barriers: Traditional practices or cultural norms that prohibit women from participating in the workforce or inhibit technological adoption can hinder economic progress. Example: In some Middle Eastern countries, gender inequality limits the contribution of half the population to economic development.
- Inefficient Agriculture: Reliance on subsistence farming with low productivity and inadequate infrastructure hampers agricultural development and rural livelihoods. Example: In many African countries, farmers lack access to modern agricultural inputs and equipment, resulting in low crop yields and poverty.

External Factors:

- Historical Legacy of Colonialism: The economic and political exploitation of colonies by European powers left a legacy of distorted economies, dependence on raw materials exports, and weak institutions. Example: Many former African colonies inherited infrastructure and industries designed to extract resources for the benefit of the colonizers, rather than to foster local development.
- Unfair Terms of Trade: Less developed countries often face unfavorable terms of trade, where the prices of their exports (e.g., raw materials) are volatile and low, while the prices of their imports (e.g., manufactured goods) are high. Example: Coffee producers in Latin America have historically been subjected to unfair pricing mechanisms, leading to low incomes and poverty.
- Debt Burden: Excessive foreign debt can constrain economic growth and divert resources from productive investments to debt servicing. Example: Many African countries have struggled with crushing debt burdens, forcing them to implement austerity measures that have stifled development.

While external factors have played a role in the underdevelopment of some countries, internal factors are often more significant and persistent. By addressing these internal challenges, less developed countries can create the conditions necessary for sustainable economic development.